英語段落寫作課件

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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,*,English Paragraph Writing,英語段落寫作,段落寫作,段落是文章內(nèi)容中具有一個(gè)完整意義的外部表現(xiàn)形,態(tài)，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基本單位。段落通常由若干個(gè)對,一個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn)展開論述的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的句子組成。但,段落并非是句子的隨意堆砌，句子內(nèi)容之間應(yīng)該具,有連貫和邏輯性。段落表達(dá)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是單一的，,一個(gè)段落只能表達(dá)一個(gè)意思，而不能把意思上互不,相關(guān)的句子堆砌在一起，造成段落內(nèi)容的龐雜錯(cuò)亂,；段落表達(dá)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是完整的，一個(gè)意思應(yīng)當(dāng)盡,量集中在一個(gè)段落里陳述，最好不要分割成兩段或,幾段，而使段落內(nèi)容

2、支離破碎。,English Paragraph Writing,1 Paragraph Structure,段落的構(gòu)成,2 Paragraph Unity,段落的整體性,3 Paragraph Coherence,段落的連貫性,1. Paragraph Structure,段落的構(gòu)成,One English paragraph usually includes the,following three parts:,(1) Topic Sentence,主題句,(2),Supporting / Developing Sentence,輔助句,/,支撐句,/,發(fā)展句,(3) Concluding

3、Sentence,結(jié)尾句,Topic sentence,主題句,?,在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主,題句。一個(gè)好的主題句能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)作者的觀,點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。關(guān)于主題的這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度成為主題,思想（,controlling idea,）。主題句限定了在一個(gè),單獨(dú)的段落中所允許討論的內(nèi)容。,?,例：,主題句,Gold, a precious metal, is prized,for two important characteristics.,該句中,gold,是主題詞，,two important characteristics,是表,達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞。,How to Write a

4、 Good Topic Sentence,Three essential points:,3,個(gè)要點(diǎn),1.,主題句必須是一個(gè)完整的句子，包括一個(gè)主語，一,個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，常常還帶有其它修飾語。下面的例子中,雖然有的包括主題思想，但并不是完整的句子。,Fragments,：,?,Driving on freeways.,?,How to register for college classes.,?,The benefits of television to children.,Fragments,：,?,Driving on freeways.,?,How to register for coll

5、ege classes.,?,The benefits of television to children.,Revised sentences:,?,Driving on freeways requires skill and,alertness,機(jī)敏,.,?,Registering for college classes can be a,frustrating experience for new students.,?,Television benefits young children in three,major ways.,How to Write a Good Topic Se

6、ntence,Three essential points:,2.,主題句由主題詞和主題思想的表述兩部分構(gòu)成,主題詞表明討論的對象。主題思想的表述部分,限制或控制這個(gè)主題在一個(gè)段落中能夠被論述,的具體方面。它應(yīng)該是能夠展述主題思想的一,個(gè)詞或一個(gè)短語，即關(guān)鍵詞。,Topic and,controlling idea,?,The topic sentence gives a paragraph,direction and purpose. It tells what the,paragraph is about (the topic), and how,the writer will devel

7、op that topic (the,controlling idea).,?,試分析下列的主題句：,例,1,The Womens Movement has had,several effects,on the English language.,在這個(gè)主題句中，表達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是,several,effects,，它規(guī)定了談?wù)摰闹黝}和內(nèi)容。為了論證這個(gè),主題思想，作者應(yīng)提供具體細(xì)節(jié)或?qū)嵗齺砘卮疬@樣的問,題：“,What reasons did I have for saying several,effects?”,有可能列出以下原因：,1,）,It has created Ms., a

8、title for women comparable to,Mr. for men.,2)The Movement has changed the ending of several,compound words from,man to,person.,3) The Movement is responsible for some new terms.,例,2,Students on this campus recently voiced,several complaints.,問題：該主題句中，表達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是,什么？,答案：,several complaints,所以在主題句后，應(yīng)輔

9、以細(xì)節(jié)來論證主題思想,several,complaints,。,有可能列出下列事實(shí)：,1,）,They voiced dissatisfaction with the campus,lighting.,2) They expressed their disgust with the,cafeteria food.,3) They protested the grading politics of the,instructors.,例,3,Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive,habit .,該主題句中，主題是,the habit of smoking,c

10、igarettes,主題思想是,Smoking cigarettes can be expensive,。,在此句中,expensive,是表示主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞，在展開,主題句的段落中，應(yīng)論證吸煙的確是開銷較大的一種習(xí),慣。下面是一個(gè)說明主題展開的段落提綱。,1,）,Cigarettes cost about seventy-five cents.,2,）,The average smoker smokes two packs a day.,3,）,The annual expense for this smoker is $547.50.,4,）,The smoker must also p

11、ay for extra cleaning of,carpets, furniture, and clothes.,How to Write a Good Topic Sentence,3.,由于主題句僅僅提及主題思想，因此只是一種概括性,的陳述而不提供具體的細(xì)節(jié)，它能被段落中其它句子,解釋、論證或分析。主題句應(yīng)該對該段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行適當(dāng),概括和限制。主題句如果太過籠統(tǒng)，就不能包含具體的,思想和觀點(diǎn)，對段落如何展開缺乏指導(dǎo)和限定，使讀者,由于內(nèi)容太空泛而很難確切地知道本段要談?wù)摰膬?nèi)容；,主題句如果太具體，讀者就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)作者對這段內(nèi)容已無,發(fā)揮、充實(shí)的余地，而無法將主題句展開。,Which is a

12、good topic sentence?,?,1. American food is terrible.,?,2. American food is tasteless and greasy,because Americans use too many canned,frozen, and prepackaged foods and,because everything is fried in oil or butter.,?,3. American food is tasteless and greasy.,1. American food is terrible.,第一句作為主題句不合適，

13、因?yàn)榫渥觾?nèi)容闡,述,過于籠統(tǒng)和抽象,，段落擴(kuò)展的,發(fā)揮點(diǎn)不,明確,。,2. American food is tasteless and greasy,because Americans use too many canned,frozen, and prepackaged foods and,because everything is fried in oil or butter.,第二句,缺乏概括性的特點(diǎn),，局限于某個(gè)具,體事務(wù)，而在文字和內(nèi)容上無法再進(jìn)一步,展開。,3. American food is tasteless and greasy.,第三句,具有概括性的觀點(diǎn),，可以通過列舉

14、事實(shí)、說明,理由，補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié)材料，展開段落內(nèi)容。所以，這是一,個(gè)比較好的主題句。,?,試分析下面的句子：,是否能做主題句,？,?,Hong Kong is famous for its developed economy,high standard of living, and intercultural,atmosphere.,?,分析：這個(gè)句子包含了,過多的信息，主體不明確，這,會(huì)使段落缺乏統(tǒng)一性,。句中所闡述的三個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容,是互不相關(guān)的，不能單獨(dú)放再單獨(dú)的一個(gè)段落內(nèi)敘述,，而應(yīng)放在三個(gè)段落里寫。改寫為：,Hong Kong is,famous for its developed econ

15、omy,，就可以成為一,個(gè)比較好的主題句了。,Activity,Identify which is the topic sentence:,?,1.,Systolic pressure,收縮壓,between 140 and 160,indicates borderline hypertension.,?,2.,In the usual blood pressure reading, the systolic,measurement is given first and is the higher of the,two.,?,3.,Systolic pressure is taken when

16、 the heart is,contracting to pump blood;,diastolic pressure,舒,張壓,is taken when the heart is resting between,beats.,?,心臟收縮泵血時(shí)測得收縮壓；心臟舒張時(shí)測得舒張壓,Activity,Identify which is the topic sentence:,?,4.,Blood pressure measurement has two,components: systolic and diastolic.,?,5.,Normal blood pressure is a syst

17、olic,measurement of 140, and when the systolic,pressure is 160 or higher, then hypertension,exists.,How to Write a Good Topic Sentence,Position of Topic Sentence:,主題句的位置,?,主題句的位置比較靈活，通常位于段首，其優(yōu),點(diǎn)是開門見山，一目了然。用演繹法寫的段落也,稱,“擴(kuò)張法”，就是以概述主題開首，隨之輔以,細(xì),說，即用具體細(xì)節(jié)或事例來演繹展開主題句中的,主題思想。,?,主題句有時(shí)也位于段落的中間。這種寫作方法,常用來比較或?qū)Ρ炔?/p>

18、同的對象。段中主題句起承,上啟下，使上下文平衡的作用。,How to Write a Good Topic Sentence,Position of Topic Sentence:,主題句的位置,?,用歸納法寫段落也稱作“收攏法”，從細(xì)節(jié)出,發(fā)，最后歸納到段落的中心論點(diǎn)。用此種方法,寫作時(shí)，主題句一般位于段落的末尾，它是依,據(jù)上文的細(xì)節(jié)推論出的論點(diǎn)，起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的,作用。,?,在有的段落中，主題句甚至不直接寫出來，而,是通過細(xì)節(jié)的陳述含蓄地表達(dá)出段落的主題思,想。是，需有讀者意會(huì)。,?,盡管主題句可以出現(xiàn)在段落中的任何位置，,但對于英語寫作的初學(xué)者來說，大多數(shù)情況,下，采用段首主題句的方法進(jìn)行

19、寫作練習(xí)，,便于擴(kuò)展和限制全段的寫作，是一種行之有,效的方法。我們必須明確，主題句無論出現(xiàn),在段落的何處，都必須是段落內(nèi)容的焦點(diǎn)，,即必須涵蓋段落其它句子所闡述的論點(diǎn)。,Practice,Read each of the following,paragraphs. If you find a topic,sentence, underline it.,?,Paragraph1,?,Changes in the prices of goods can cause,changes in production and consumption.,Production increases when th

20、e prices are,high. As the prices of goods go up, producers,make more goods because they can make,more money when they sell the goods. On the,other hand, consumption incrassates when the,prices are low. As the prices goods go down,consumers buy more goods because of the,low prices.,?,Paragraph2,?,Alb

21、ert Einstein, one of the worlds geniuses,failed his university entrance examinations,on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of,Americans noted writers, never finished,college because he could not pass his,English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who,is considered one of the masters of the,Englis

22、h language, had to have special,tutoring in English during elementary school.,These examples show that failure in school,does not always predict failure in life.,How to Write Good Supporting,Sentences,輔助句也稱展開句或推展句。,輔助句是主題句的延伸,，是段落中對主題句進(jìn)行具體論證的句子，即以具體,的和真實(shí)的細(xì)節(jié)對段落主題進(jìn)行闡述、說明、舉證或,引申，從而擴(kuò)展深化主題。,學(xué)生在英語寫作中存在的一個(gè)

23、最大的問題常常是在文,章中缺乏組走的信息和具體細(xì)節(jié)來說明或支持段落主,題。要寫好輔助句，必須注意所有輔助句的闡述都要,與主題密切相關(guān)，要有充分的論證細(xì)節(jié)來說明主題思,想，保持句子的連貫性，所有的句子都應(yīng)按其邏輯順,序排列。,?,例,My roommate Paul possesses the,characteristics of a good student. One of his,characteristics is always being prepared for,classes.,For example, when his philosophy,professor assigns a

24、class discussion on the,idea of Kant,（康德）, he goes to the library,and does extensive research on the subject. In,addition, when his English instructor assigns,an out-of-class essay, he brings to class the,final copy of an essay that he has revised,several times.,?,在這個(gè)段落中，輔助句以簡明和獨(dú)特的具體實(shí),例來論證和展開主題句，而且所

25、有句子都統(tǒng)一,于這個(gè)主題。,Activity,Try developing the topic sentences. Illustrate your,personality with specific examples.,I am a very sensitive person.,I am a very independent person.,I think I would be a good friend.,I,am,a,very,sensitive,person,and,thats,good to a point. I feel everyone should be,able to fee

26、l or understand what others are,going through. But when you hurt, cry, or,are,unhappy,for,people,you,dont,know,or for a movie that is not real, then I think,thats a little too sensitive. Thats the way,I am.,I am a very,independent,person. I must do,things for myself. I dont like people doing,things

27、for me, or helping me, or giving me,things.,Its,not,that,I,dont,appreciate,it,because I do. I just feel that when someone,does something for you, you owe them, and,if there is one thing I dont like to feel, its,that I owe anyone anything.,I think I would be,a good friend,. I would do,almost,anything

28、,for,someone,I,like,and,would,share,or,give,anything,I,have.,Im,very caring and understanding. People trust,me,with,their,secrets,and,theyre,right,for,doing so because I never tell any secret that,is,told,to,me.,Im,always,there,to,help,in,any,way,that,I,can.,All,you,have,to,do,is,ask.,How to Write a

29、 Good Concluding,Sentence,?,使用表示段落結(jié)尾的轉(zhuǎn)承信號(hào)詞，如,“,in,conclusion, in summary, finally, in brief, in sum, to,conclude, all in all,”,等。,?,對段落要點(diǎn)加以總結(jié)。,?,對主題加以評論，給讀者留下深刻的印象。,Activity,Write a concluding sentence based on the given outline.,Topic Sentence:,There are three things that would,make me the happiest

30、 person in the world.,Body Part:,A happy family life,A satisfying career,Inner peace and security,Concluding Sentence:,In conclusion, if I could have,a good home life, a challenging job, and inner,strength, I would be contented and satisfied with,my life.,Practice,Finish writing the concluding sente

31、nces:,Producers,make,more,goods,when,prices,are,high,and,consumers,buy,more,goods,when,prices are low. As prices go up, producers make,more,goods,because,they,can,make,more,money,for,their,goods.,As,prices,go,down,consumers buy more goods because of the low,how,changes,in,the,prices,of,goods,prices.

32、,This shows us,can,cause,changes,in,production,and,consumption.,Practice,Try to appreciate the following paragraph,and identify,：,(1) Topic sentence,(2) Supporting sentences,(3) Concluding sentences,Of,all,the,four,seasons,I,have,a,stronger,preference for spring. Spring is the season,when nature wak

33、es up from her long winter,sleep,and,everything,starts,to,grow.,You,can always listen for birds singing, witness,butterflies,dancing,and,watch,bees,busy,with flowers. Spring is a season associated,with beautiful landscape. The sky is crystal,clear,so,is,the,water,with,beautiful,red,flowers and lovel

34、y green grass surrounding,you.,Spring,is,a,soft,song,sweet,and,melodious.,When,I,am,in,a,bad,mood,I,will,occasionally,search,my,memories,for,the,notes,of,this,song.,When,I,meet,with,difficulties,I,sing,the,song,to,find,comfort,nourishment,strength,and,inspiration,in,its,gentle,tune.,That,is,spring,m

35、y,favorite,season,dynamic,and,colorful,which,always,fills me with joy and gives me peace of mind.,keys,主題句,Of,all,the,four,seasons,I,have,a,stronger,preference for spring. Spring is the season,when nature wakes up from her long winter,sleep,and,everything,starts,to,grow.,You,can always listen for bi

36、rds singing, witness,butterflies,dancing,and,watch,bees,busy,with flowers. Spring is a season associated,with beautiful landscape. The sky is crystal,clear,so,is,the,water,with,beautiful,red,flowers and lovely green grass surrounding,keys,結(jié)尾句,you.,Spring,is,a,soft,song,sweet,and,melodious.,When,I,am

37、,in,a,bad,mood,I,will,occasionally,search,my,memories,for,the,notes,of,this,song.,When,I,meet,with,difficulties,I,sing,the,song,to,find,comfort,nourishment,strength,and,inspiration,in,its,gentle,tune.,That,is,spring,my,favorite,season,dynamic,and,colorful,which,always,fills me with joy and gives me

38、peace of mind.,2.2 Paragraph Unity,段落的一致性是指文章基于一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的主題，,段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)保持一致，每個(gè)段落只能闡述一個(gè)中,心思想，每一個(gè)句子都應(yīng)與主題句密切相關(guān)，那,些與主題無關(guān)和不能展開論證主題思想的句子應(yīng),刪去，從而形成一個(gè)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)亩温浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。,閱讀下面,段落，并分析段落是否具有一致性。,例,1,There are few places in the world today that,have not been spoiled by industrial development,and pollution. The air we breathe is more

39、 often,than not polluted by the smoke from factory,chimneys and the exhaust fumes of motor,vehicles, while chemical waste poisons our rivers,lakes and seas. And by covering more and more,of the earths surface with buildings and roads, we,are erecting huge barriers of concrete between,ourselves and n

40、ature. It would appear that we are,purposely cutting ourselves off from nature and,destroying wildlife as we do so.,分析例,1,：,這段例文中，所有的句子都是圍繞著“我,們,生存環(huán)境被污染，生態(tài)環(huán)境被破壞”這一主,題,論述的，具有較好的統(tǒng)一性。,例,2,Another problem facing a number of elderly,people is living on a reduced income. Upon,retiring, old people may rece

41、ive a pension from,their company or Social Security from the,government. The amount of their monthly,checks is often half the amount the checks they,received when they were employed. Suddenly,retirees find that they can no longer continue the,life-style that they had become accustomed to,even if tha

42、t life style was a modest one. Many,find, after paying their monthly bills, that there,is no money left for a movie or a dinner out. Of course,sometimes they cant go out because of their health.,Maybe they have arthritis or rheumatism, and it is,painful for them to move around. This can also change,

43、their life style. Some older people, however, discover,that the small amount of money they receive will not,even cover their monthly bills. They realize with horror,that electricity, a telephone, and nourishing food are,luxuries they can no longer afford. They resort to,shivering in the dark, eating

44、 cat food in order to make,ends meet. (Smalley& Ruetten,1990,p.17),分析例,2,：,?,這個(gè)段落的主題是“,Another problem,facing a number of elderly people ”,，中心,思想是“,living on a reduced income”.,因此,，所有的句子都應(yīng)圍繞這個(gè)主題。但是在,這個(gè)段落中，,有三個(gè)句子并沒有討論這一,特定的主題。所以，這些句子應(yīng)從這個(gè)段,落中刪除，或應(yīng)在另一個(gè)段落中展開。,Can you find out these sentences?,三個(gè)和主題不相關(guān)的句

45、子,?,Of course, sometimes they cant go out,because of their health.,?,Maybe they have arthritis(,raitis,關(guān)節(jié),炎,) or rheumatism,（,ru:m?tiz(?)m,風(fēng)濕病,）, and it is painful for them to move,around.,?,This can also change their life style.,Activity,Identify,whether,the,following,paragraphs,are,unified.,Pick,o

46、ut,any,sentence,which,is,not,related,to,the,controlling,idea,of,the,paragraph.,For,hundreds,of,years,man,has,made,use,of,the,talents,of,monkeys.,Ancient,Egyptian,paintings,show,baboons,狒狒,gathering,fruit,for,their,masters.,Even,in,1879,in,Abyssinia,monkeys were still being used as torchbearers,持,火炬者

47、,at,feasts.,The,monkeys,would,sit,in,a,row,on,a,bench,and,hold,the,lights,until,the,guests went home. Then the monkeys would eat.,Most,of,the,worlds,zoos,contain,a,variety,of,monkeys for people to watch.,Which is not talent?,Monkeys,talents:,?,baboons gathering fruit,?,Monkeys being used as torchbea

48、rers,?,Monkeys in zoo for people to watch,?,下面是論述同一題目的兩個(gè)段落。試比較,哪個(gè)段落具有整體性。,Paragraph 1,Progress is gradually being made in the fight,against cancer. In the early 1900s, few cancer patients,had any hope of long-term survival. In the 1930s, less,than one in five cancer victims lived more than five,year

49、s. In the 1950s, the ratio was one in four.,Currently, the ratio is down to one in three. The gain,from one in four to one in three represents about,58,000 lives saved each year.,Paragraph 2,Progress is gradually being made in the fight against,cancer. In the early 1900s, few cancer patients had,any

50、 hope of long-term survival. But because of,advances in medical technology, progress has been,made so that currently one in three cancer patients,survives. It has been proven that smoking is a direct,cause of lung cancer. However, the battle has not yet,been won. Although cures for some forms of can

51、cer,have been discovered, other forms of cancer are still,increasing Heart disease is also increasing.,分析結(jié)果：,這兩個(gè)段落都是討論關(guān)于“,surviving cancer”,問題的，,兩段的主題句相同，且均位于段首。第一段例文闡明,主題句之后，用連續(xù)直敘的方法展述，并用三個(gè)輔助,句以具體事實(shí)對其觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證。結(jié)論句在前面展述,的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行總結(jié)，并與主題句相呼應(yīng)。整個(gè)段落緊,扣主題，結(jié)構(gòu)層次清楚，具有同一性。在第二段例文,中，并不是每個(gè)句子都緊扣主題，破壞了段落內(nèi)容的,整體性，段落顯得缺乏統(tǒng)

52、一性，是不可取的。,3 Paragraph Coherence,Coherence in a paragraph refers to the,way,the,sentences,are,arranged,and,to,their relationship to one another. When a,paragraph is coherent, the sentences are,arranged in a clear and logical order, the,transitions,are,smooth,and,natural,and,ideas,flow,smoothly,and,gr

53、acefully,from,one sentence to the next. As a result, the,reader finds it easy to follow the,writers,train of thought.,段落的連貫性,3 Paragraph Coherence,?,cohere,表示“,to stick”,或“,to hold together”,。連貫，,一是指結(jié)構(gòu)上的連貫；二是指內(nèi)容上的連貫。,?,也就是文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次和連接應(yīng)按照一定的邏輯順,序編排，在一個(gè)句子銜接下個(gè)句子時(shí)或是一個(gè)段落,連接下個(gè)段落時(shí)，必須合乎邏輯、連貫緊湊、不應(yīng),有跳躍。這樣句子或段落銜

54、接自然流暢，文章層次,分明，脈絡(luò)清晰。讀者就會(huì)比較容易跟隨作者的思,路深入理解寫作內(nèi)容。,3 Paragraph Coherence,兩種保持段落連貫性的方法。,?,第一，用轉(zhuǎn)承詞語或稱,轉(zhuǎn)承信號(hào)詞,表明一個(gè)意思是,怎樣與下一個(gè)意思相連的；,Transition signals,?,第二，按照一定的,邏輯順序,排列句子，采用何種邏,?,輯順序應(yīng)取決于文章的主體和寫作目的。最常用的,邏輯順序是時(shí)間順序、空間順序和主次順序。,Logical order,?,Chronological Order,時(shí)間順序,?,Spatial Order,空間順序,?,Order of Importance,重要性

55、次序,Transition Signals,轉(zhuǎn)承信號(hào)詞,Transition,signals,are,words,such,as,first,second,next, finally, therefore, and,however, or phrases such as,in,conclusion,on,the,other,hand,and,as,a,result,.,Think of transition signals as traffic signs that tell your,reader when to go forward, turn, slow down, and stop.,

56、In other words, they tell the reader when you are giving,a,similar,idea,(similarly,moreover,furthermore,in,addition), an opposite idea (on the other hand, however,in,contrast),an,example,(for,example),a,result,(as,a,result),or,a,conclusion,(in,conclusion).,轉(zhuǎn)承詞是保持段落連貫的一個(gè)重要方法。轉(zhuǎn)承詞,與像橋梁一樣把一個(gè)句子的意思同里一個(gè)句子連

57、,接起來。轉(zhuǎn)承詞與是用于指示寫作方向的詞語，,告訴讀者：作者在什么時(shí)候闡述一個(gè)相同的意思，,什么時(shí)候闡述一個(gè)相反的意思，什么時(shí)候舉例，,什么時(shí)候給出結(jié)果或結(jié)論。因此運(yùn)用轉(zhuǎn)承詞與不,僅能使行文連貫，而且能指導(dǎo)讀者跟隨作者的思,路,進(jìn),行,閱,讀,，,清,楚,地,掌,握,該,短,的,脈,絡(luò),。,Here,are,some,of,the,most,common,transitional,words,and,phrases,and,the,r,e,l,a,t,i,o,n,s,h,i,p,s,t,h,e,y,s,h,o,w,.,?,to show addition,:,and, too, also, a

58、gain, as well as, besides, in,addition,moreover,further,furthermore,b,o,t,h,a,n,d,n,o,t,o,n,l,y,b,u,t,a,l,s,o.,?,To show concession:,although,though,even,though,even,if,in,spite,of,despite,n,a,t,u,r,a,l,l,y,o,f,c,o,u,r,s,e,?,To show time sequence,once, before, after, afterward, always, when,at once,

59、 as soon as, to begin with, first,(second, third), in the meantime, in the past,(future), later, then, next, until, at last,finally, eventually, from then on, since then,and, again, first, second, third,?,To show place,in,front,of,on,the,other,side,behind,inside, outside, nearby, next to, opposite,b

60、eyond,below,under,at,this,point,?,To show result,so, thus, hence, as a result, for this reason,consequently,accordingly,therefore,all,in,all, altogether, finally, in brief, in conclusion,in,short,in,summary,to,summarize,?,To compare,similarly,in,the,same,way,likewise,?,To contrast,however,in,contras

61、t,instead,nevertheless,然而,notwithstanding,雖然,on,the,contrary,on,the,other,h,a,n,d,o,t,h,e,r,w,i,s,e,否,則,?,To illustrate or explain,f,or,e,x,ampl,e,for,ins,t,a,nc,e,namely,in,particular,尤其,such,as, that is, to illustrate,說明，顯示,?,To emphasize,indeed, in fact, above all, of course,unquestionably,most,i

62、mportant,last,but,not,least,specifically,?,To summarize,in brief , in other words , in short, as,has been said, on the whole, to sum,up, in conclusion,Read,the following paragraph and identify,the,transitional words,in it.,Nowadays, under the new tuition system, an,increasing,number,of,students,espe

63、cially,those,poverty-stricken,students,now,seem,to,be,defeated,by,the,crushing,tuition,burden.,Therefore,Therefore,many,people,complain,that,the,new,tuition,system,keeps,poverty-,stricken,students,away,from,college.,However,However,in,my,opinion,the,new,tuition,system,does,add,much,difficulties,to,t

64、he,p,o,o,r,s,t,u,d,e,n,t,s,b,but,u,t,i,t,w,i,l,l,n,e,v,e,r,keeps,them,away,from,college.,First,First,carrying,out,the,new,tuition,system,in,the,governmental,should,provide,some,special,policy,for,poor,student.,Besides,Besides,they are entitled to take a loan from banks,or,do,some,part-time,jobs,duri

65、ng,their,spare,time,such,such as,as,weekends,and,holidays.,Finally,Finally,they,can,try,to,win,scholarship by additional efforts. In short ,In short,man proposes, and God disposes. No one,will be kept out of college due to financial,burden,unless,he,is,defeated,by,himself.,Practice,Please analyze and identify the transition devices used in the following paragraph.,Transitions,are,the,gl